Nephrology Board Exam Started: Jul 13, 2026 13:21 Page 22 of 55 Attempt #2754 Overall: 0 / 274 questions answered Question 106 / 274 Not answered During morning rounds: a 45-year-old man presents with hematuria with RBC casts. Relevant risk context includes autoimmune disease. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis B. Obstructive uropathy C. Acute kidney injury D. Nephrotic syndrome E. Hyperkalemic emergency Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: E Explanation: The pattern of hematuria with RBC casts with risk factors such as autoimmune disease is most consistent with Hyperkalemic emergency. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 107 / 274 Not answered At a preventive-care consultation: a 49-year-old man has oliguria with rising creatinine with risk profile of long-standing hypertension. After initial stabilization and assessment, what is the most appropriate management step? A. Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications B. Nephrotoxin avoidance strategy C. Blood pressure optimization in CKD D. Urgent hyperkalemia stabilization protocol E. Volume status-guided AKI management Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications is preferred because it aligns with guideline-based care priorities, reduces avoidable complications, and supports safe outcomes in Nephrology. Reference: ASN/ERA Position Statements Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 108 / 274 Not answered During a primary-care follow-up visit: a 64-year-old man presents with hematuria with RBC casts. Relevant risk context includes recent nephrotoxin exposure. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute kidney injury B. Obstructive uropathy C. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis D. Hyperkalemic emergency E. Nephrotic syndrome Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: D Explanation: The pattern of hematuria with RBC casts with risk factors such as recent nephrotoxin exposure is most consistent with Hyperkalemic emergency. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: ASN/ERA Position Statements Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 109 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 39-year-old man is evaluated for uremic symptoms in the context of long-standing hypertension. Which is the most appropriate next investigation? A. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio B. Autoimmune nephritic screen C. Renal ultrasound D. Kidney biopsy when indicated E. Urinalysis with microscopy Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio is the most appropriate next test because it directly clarifies the leading diagnosis and guides immediate management in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 110 / 274 Not answered During ward handover: a 39-year-old woman is evaluated for muscle weakness with peaked T waves in the context of recent nephrotoxin exposure. Which is the most appropriate next investigation? A. Autoimmune nephritic screen B. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio C. Kidney biopsy when indicated D. Serum potassium with ECG E. Urinalysis with microscopy Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: B Explanation: Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio is the most appropriate next test because it directly clarifies the leading diagnosis and guides immediate management in Nephrology. Reference: NICE CKD Guidance; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Cancel « ← Previous Page 22 of 55 Next → »