Nephrology Board Exam Started: Jul 13, 2026 14:58 Page 24 of 55 Attempt #2839 Overall: 0 / 274 questions answered Question 116 / 274 Not answered At a preventive-care consultation: a 27-year-old man presents with hematuria with RBC casts. Relevant risk context includes long-standing hypertension. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Chronic kidney disease progression B. Acute kidney injury C. Nephrotic syndrome D. Hyperkalemic emergency E. Obstructive uropathy Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: B Explanation: The pattern of hematuria with RBC casts with risk factors such as long-standing hypertension is most consistent with Acute kidney injury. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 117 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 50-year-old woman is evaluated for generalized edema with heavy proteinuria in the context of recent nephrotoxin exposure. Which is the most appropriate next investigation? A. Kidney biopsy when indicated B. Autoimmune nephritic screen C. Renal ultrasound D. Urinalysis with microscopy E. Serum potassium with ECG Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Kidney biopsy when indicated is the most appropriate next test because it directly clarifies the leading diagnosis and guides immediate management in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 118 / 274 Not answered During ward handover: a 34-year-old woman has generalized edema with heavy proteinuria with risk profile of prostatic enlargement. After initial stabilization and assessment, what is the most appropriate management step? A. Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications B. Nephrotoxin avoidance strategy C. Blood pressure optimization in CKD D. Volume status-guided AKI management E. Urgent hyperkalemia stabilization protocol Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications is preferred because it aligns with guideline-based care priorities, reduces avoidable complications, and supports safe outcomes in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO AKI Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 119 / 274 Not answered During ward handover: a 35-year-old man presents with hematuria with RBC casts. Relevant risk context includes long-standing hypertension. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute kidney injury B. Hyperkalemic emergency C. Chronic kidney disease progression D. Nephrotic syndrome E. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: C Explanation: The pattern of hematuria with RBC casts with risk factors such as long-standing hypertension is most consistent with Chronic kidney disease progression. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: ASN/ERA Position Statements Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 120 / 274 Not answered During morning rounds: a 31-year-old woman has hydronephrosis with post-void retention with risk profile of autoimmune disease. After initial stabilization and assessment, what is the most appropriate management step? A. Nephrotoxin avoidance strategy B. Renin-angiotensin system blockade when indicated C. Volume status-guided AKI management D. Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications E. Blood pressure optimization in CKD Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: D Explanation: Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications is preferred because it aligns with guideline-based care priorities, reduces avoidable complications, and supports safe outcomes in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO AKI Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Cancel « ← Previous Page 24 of 55 Next → »