Nephrology Board Exam Started: Jul 13, 2026 15:56 Page 25 of 55 Attempt #2882 Overall: 0 / 274 questions answered Question 121 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 55-year-old man is evaluated for generalized edema with heavy proteinuria in the context of prostatic enlargement. Which is the most appropriate next investigation? A. Kidney biopsy when indicated B. Renal ultrasound C. Urinalysis with microscopy D. Autoimmune nephritic screen E. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Kidney biopsy when indicated is the most appropriate next test because it directly clarifies the leading diagnosis and guides immediate management in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 122 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 47-year-old man presents with hematuria with RBC casts. Relevant risk context includes volume depletion. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Obstructive uropathy B. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis C. Hyperkalemic emergency D. Nephrotic syndrome E. Acute kidney injury Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: C Explanation: The pattern of hematuria with RBC casts with risk factors such as volume depletion is most consistent with Hyperkalemic emergency. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 123 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 29-year-old woman has hematuria with RBC casts with risk profile of volume depletion. After initial stabilization and assessment, what is the most appropriate management step? A. Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications B. Nephrotoxin avoidance strategy C. Volume status-guided AKI management D. Urgent hyperkalemia stabilization protocol E. Blood pressure optimization in CKD Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: A Explanation: Timely renal replacement therapy for urgent indications is preferred because it aligns with guideline-based care priorities, reduces avoidable complications, and supports safe outcomes in Nephrology. Reference: ASN/ERA Position Statements Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 124 / 274 Not answered In an outpatient specialty clinic: a 42-year-old woman presents with oliguria with rising creatinine. Relevant risk context includes autoimmune disease. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Chronic kidney disease progression B. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis C. Obstructive uropathy D. Acute kidney injury E. Hyperkalemic emergency Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: C Explanation: The pattern of oliguria with rising creatinine with risk factors such as autoimmune disease is most consistent with Obstructive uropathy. This answer best matches the expected diagnostic framework for Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Question 125 / 274 Not answered During a primary-care follow-up visit: a 29-year-old man is evaluated for hematuria with RBC casts in the context of volume depletion. Which is the most appropriate next investigation? A. Renal ultrasound B. Serum potassium with ECG C. Autoimmune nephritic screen D. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio E. Kidney biopsy when indicated Show Answer & Explanation Correct Answer: E Explanation: Kidney biopsy when indicated is the most appropriate next test because it directly clarifies the leading diagnosis and guides immediate management in Nephrology. Reference: KDIGO CKD Guideline; Nephrology topic-specific current guideline update Comments & Discussion No comments yet. Be the first to comment! Your Name * Your Comment * (Max 200 chars) 200 characters remaining Post Comment Comments remaining this hour: 10/10 Cancel « ← Previous Page 25 of 55 Next → »